Metabolism is the engine of life, converting food into the energy our bodies need. However, as we age, this engine sputters, slowing down and becoming less efficient. This decline impacts how quickly and effectively our cells function, primarily due to decreasing levels of a crucial coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). NAD+ is central to hundreds of metabolic processes and cellular energy production. Elysium Signal aims to combat this age-related decline by restoring NAD+ levels with NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide), a highly efficient precursor to NAD+.
The Science of Signal: How It Works
Restoring NAD+ Levels with NMN
Signal contains NMN, one of the most efficient precursors of NAD+. A human clinical study demonstrated that 30 days of NMN supplementation at 250mg/day resulted in a 40% increase in NAD+ levels in the blood.
The Role of Mitochondria and SIRT3
Mitochondria, the powerhouses of our cells, are where all metabolic processes take place. These processes range from energy production and the synthesis of cellular building blocks to waste management. The mitochondrial protein SIRT3 (sirtuin 3) plays a vital role in driving many of these reactions, as well as protecting and generating new mitochondria. The combination of ingredients in Signal is designed to promote metabolic health, whereas Basis is formulated to target overall cellular aging and DNA maintenance. As metabolic aging is tightly correlated with general aging, there is overlap in the downstream effects of the ingredients in Signal and Basis, and this is reflected in the principal ingredient in both products.
Signal vs. Basis: Targeting Different Aspects of Aging
Both Signal and Basis address the decline in NAD+ levels, which is directly related to general aging and metabolic dysregulation. To combat this decline, both supplements provide an NAD+ precursor molecule. Signal contains NMN, while Basis contains NR (nicotinamide riboside).
Early evidence suggests potential tissue-specificity between the two different NAD+ precursors, as well as varied benefits, suggesting that one precursor may be more dominant in certain tissues than the other. More studies are needed to support this possibility.
Read also: Weight Loss Guide Andalusia, AL
In addition to NAD+ precursors, both products provide ingredients that activate sirtuins-a family of enzymes that play a critical role in aging and metabolism. Signal contains Elysium’s SIRT3 Activation Complex, which activates sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a sirtuin that resides in mitochondria and has been shown to be involved in maintaining mitochondrial health and the generation of new mitochondria. Basis, on the other hand, contains an ingredient that activates sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Unlike SIRT3, SIRT1 resides mainly in the nucleus and plays an important role in regulating gene expression and histone modification, pointing to a more complex role for this enzyme in modulating a wide array of processes involved in cellular housekeeping, including DNA maintenance.
Preclinical evidence suggests potential tissue-specificity and varied benefits between the two different NAD+ precursors in Basis and Signal. More research is needed to support these findings, but taking both Basis and Signal may help ensure that NAD+ levels are elevated across a broader range of tissues, and that you’re receiving the benefits offered by each NAD+ precursor. In addition, the secondary ingredients in Signal and Basis target different processes in your cells-Signal activates an enzyme that’s involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis whereas Basis activates an enzyme that is involved in regulating gene expression.
The Importance of SIRT3
SIRT3, a member of the sirtuin family of enzymes, depends on NAD+ to function. SIRT3 enzymes reside in mitochondria and play an essential role in maintaining mitochondrial health and metabolic control, including glucose metabolism, cellular energy (ATP) production, fatty acid oxidation, ketone production during fasting, and amino acid cycling. Mitochondria are central hubs for metabolic reactions and produce ~95% of the cell’s energy. As we age, mitochondrial function and levels of mitochondrial sirtuins decline, leading to metabolic dysregulation.
NMN: The Immediate Precursor to NAD+
NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is the immediate precursor to NAD+, an essential coenzyme and key metabolite found in every cell of the human body, and involved in over 500 different cellular reactions. NAD+ is synthesized by the cell through various pathways, some more complex than others. The primary pathway for NAD+ synthesis involves the conversion of nicotinamide (NAM) to NMN and subsequent conversion of NMN to NAD+.
Metabolic Aging and NAD+ Decline
Metabolic aging is the imbalance or dysregulation of our metabolism as a function of aging. As we age, levels of NAD+ decline dramatically. NAD+ is a key metabolite whose levels are closely monitored by the cell in order to tune and balance its metabolic reactions. Regulating the vast number of metabolic reactions to maintain balance or homeostasis between energy production and usage is critical for cell health. In addition to the decline in NAD+ level, the activity and levels of sirtuins (NAD-dependent enzymes involved in regulating metabolism and maintaining energy homeostasis) also decline.
Read also: Beef jerky: A high-protein option for shedding pounds?
Safety and Usage
All of Elysium's supplements, including Basis, Matter, Format, Signal, and Mosaic, are considered safe to be taken together. While no interactions or contraindications have been identified to date, it's always recommended to consult with a physician if you have questions about a health condition or about making changes to your health routine.
Signal is offered on a month-to-month subscription plan, providing reduced pricing billed monthly.
Currently, Signal is available to ship and bill to addresses located in the United States.
Elysium Basis: A Closer Look and Comparison
While this article primarily focuses on Elysium Signal, it's important to understand its relationship to another Elysium product, Basis. Basis is a once-daily supplement marketed to support health at the cellular level, with the company claiming decades of research and scientific backing. It aims to increase the amount of NAD, a compound that naturally occurs in living cells but decreases with age.
Basis Ingredients and Claims
The primary ingredient in Basis is nicotinamide riboside (NR). One is pterostilbene, which is plant-based and can protect the body against stress. The dosage is two pills each morning, with each bottle containing a 30-day supply (60 pills total). The capsules themselves are vegan, nut-free, gluten-free, and free from artificial colors and flavors.
Read also: Inspiring Health Transformation
NR has demonstrated positive effects in animal studies, extending the lifespan of mice and worms, opposing type 2 diabetes in mice, and improving overall cell health. Elysium conducted a human clinical study involving 120 adults aged 60 to 80.
NAD+ and Its Role
NAD is a coenzyme found in all living cells, first discovered in 1906. It plays two main roles in the body: turning nutrients into energy and carrying out biological processes. NAD works with other proteins to repair damaged DNA, maintain proper cell functions, and regulate the internal body clock.
Skepticism and Controversy Surrounding Basis
Despite the company's claims and testimonials, some skepticism surrounds Basis. The company emphasizes its scientific foundation and boasts a 35-member scientific advisory board filled with Nobel Prize winners and other respected individuals. However, branding Basis as a supplement allows Elysium to avoid strict FDA regulations, as supplements have fewer restrictions and can be sold as long as they don't make specific health claims.
While science in non-human animals suggests the ingredients in Basis can be effective in anti-aging and cellular health, preliminary science in humans backs up these claims. There is no evidence to suggest Basis is unsafe for human consumption, and the company claims the supplement was created for long-term use. However, the study was conducted by Elysium itself, and no extended research has been conducted for long periods of time.
Who Should Avoid Basis?
Basis is not intended for children, as their NAD levels are already high. It is also not recommended for pregnant women or those who are breastfeeding. Basis should be avoided in the two weeks leading up to surgery.
Elysium Health's Reputation and Legal Issues
Elysium Health has faced consumer criticism, including concerns about the company's refusal to disclose the location of its home office or factory locations. A more significant issue arose when ChromaDex, the proprietary supplier of nicotinamide riboside (NIAGEN) used in Basis, sued Elysium for non-payment of supplies. ChromaDex holds a patent on NIAGEN.
The Future of Basis and NR Supply
With ChromaDex holding the patent for NIAGEN, it remains unclear what Elysium will do once their NR supply is depleted. They may need to use different ingredients in the future (negating previous research) or attempt to manufacture their own NR (requiring thorough testing).
Cost and Alternatives to Basis
Elysium offers monthly delivery plans for Basis, with prices varying based on the subscription length. Other supplements using ChromaDex ingredients are available online, though they may not have the same aesthetic appeal or scientific backing.
The Bottom Line on Basis
Elysium Basis has potential for overall health and anti-aging. However, as an unproven product, it could also be a waste of money.
Marketing and Scientific Advisory Board
Elysium Health has implemented a strategic marketing campaign, showcasing a prominent science advisory board headed by MIT biologist Leonard Guarente. The company also references numerous peer-reviewed clinical studies.
Not the Only NR Supplement
Despite marketing impressions, Elysium did not discover the process for synthesizing Nicotinamide Riboside, as the process is patented by Chromadex. Elysium is also not the only company that sells Niagen to consumers. Alternatives to Basis include HPN N(R), Jarrow Formulas Nicotinamide Riboside, and Life Extension NAD+ Cell Regenerator, some of which are less expensive.
The Need for More Research
While Nicotinamide Riboside and Pterostilbene have the potential to become top-tier geroprotectors, more evidence is needed. Chromadex is sponsoring additional clinical trials to address this need.
Alternative Geroprotectors
Elysium Basis may not be the best investment for your supplement budget, as it does not include the most well-researched geroprotective ingredients. Thrivous, for example, develops geroprotectors like Vitality Geroprotector to support healthy metabolic, cellular, and genetic function.
NAD+ Boosters: A Comparison
Several NAD+ boosters are available on the market, each with its own approach to elevating NAD+ levels.
Key Criteria for Comparison
To compare NAD+ boosters, it's essential to consider several criteria, including:
- Precursor Used (NMN or NR): Many boosters contain either NMN or NR, making it easier to compare efficacy based on dosage.
- Additional Ingredients: Some boosters combine NMN or NR with other ingredients connected to longevity.
- Delivery Mechanism: Various delivery mechanisms exist, such as capsules, sublingual drops, and nasal sprays.
- Cost: Comparing the cost per gram of NMN or NR can help determine the best value.
- Safety: Moderate doses are generally considered the safest, with 250mg of NMN and 100mg of NR being common safe and effective doses.
NMN vs. NR: Which is Better?
Both NMN and NR effectively raise NAD+ levels, but each has exhibited unique effects in human studies. NMN has research supporting its ability to improve skin health and enhance aerobic capacity, while NR has research showing it can improve biomarkers associated with neurodegenerative disease. Some companies combine NMN and NR to potentially maximize benefits.
The FDA and NMN
NMN's standing with the FDA is somewhat controversial, similar to products like CBD and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). This is due to pharmaceutical companies investigating refined versions of these ingredients for possible new drug applications.
Delivery Mechanisms: Capsules vs. Novel Methods
While novel delivery mechanisms like sublingual drops and nasal sprays claim superior absorption, there's limited scientific support for anything other than traditionally encapsulated NMN and NR powders. Liposomal delivery, which encapsulates precursor molecules in microscopic fat cells, is another popular method, but more research is needed to determine its effectiveness.
Additional Ingredients in NAD+ Boosters
Some NAD+ boosters include additional ingredients to enhance their effectiveness. These include:
- TMG/Betaine: Acts as a methyl donor in NAD+ metabolism.
- Spermidine: Offers anti-aging benefits and can balance against the activity of NNMT.
- Black pepper fruit extract: Can increase ingredient absorption.
Safety Considerations
NAD+ supplements appear to be safe and well-tolerated in the short term. However, long-term studies examining the safety of NR or NMN are lacking. It's important to use NAD+ supplements with care, as their long-term effects are not fully understood.
Popular NAD+ Booster Options
- Innerbody Labs NAD+ Support: A complex formula combining NMN and NR with TMG and spermidine.
- Neurogan Health NMN: Offers various NMN supplements, including capsules, gummies, powder, and liposomal liquid.
- Renue by Science: Provides a variety of delivery mechanisms, including capsules, sublingual powders, and nasal sprays.
The Salvage Pathway: Recycling NAD+
The salvage pathway acts as your body’s NAD+ recycling system, responsible for around 85% of all NAD+ production. It turns niacinamide (NAM, a byproduct of vitamin B consumption and NAD+ utilization) into nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which it then turns into NAD+. Other pathways include the Preiss-Handler pathway and the de novo synthesis pathway.
Elysium Health: A Company Overview
Elysium Health aims to be seen as a consumer life-sciences company, with a focus on extending health span.
The Story Behind Basis
The theory behind Basis is partly an evolution of the theory behind drinking red wine: