Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive spinal cord disorder primarily seen in older dogs, often between 8 and 14 years old, though younger dogs can be affected. This condition, sometimes referred to as "doggy MS," shares more similarities with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s Disease, in humans. DM targets the myelin sheath-a protective layer around the spinal cord’s nerve fibers-leading to gradual loss of mobility and independence. While there is no cure, a combination of therapies, including diet and supplements, can significantly improve a dog's quality of life and potentially slow the disease's progression.
Understanding Degenerative Myelopathy
In dogs with DM, the myelin sheath, which insulates the spinal cord and conducts nerve impulses, is damaged due to an autoimmune attack. This damage typically begins in the mid-back area of the spinal cord, causing hind leg weakness and reduced coordination. As the condition progresses, inflammation and nerve damage gradually lead to paralysis in the rear limbs, eventually affecting the front legs as well. The disease itself isn’t painful, but the biomechanical adjustments a dog makes to compensate can lead to muscle soreness and discomfort.
Genetic Predisposition
Certain dog breeds are genetically predisposed to degenerative myelopathy, with German Shepherds being the most commonly affected. A mutation in the gene that codes for the SOD-1 (superoxide dismutase) enzyme is often implicated. Instead of acting as an antioxidant, the enzyme creates “excitotoxicity” by causing a build-up of glutamate in the spinal cord.
Stages and Symptoms
The progression of DM can be categorized into stages:
- Stage 1: The dog is able to walk but is showing signs of decreased sensation and weakness in the hind limbs. Early symptoms include paw dragging during walks, leading to worn nails, and a subtle loss of coordination.
- Stage 2: The patient is unable to walk on the hind limbs. Weakness becomes more pronounced, with visible muscle atrophy in the hind legs. The dog may sway when standing or struggle to maintain balance, particularly on slippery surfaces.
- Stage 3: The patient has paralysis of the hind limbs and weakness involving the front limbs. Incontinence may also develop. Hind limb muscles atrophy due to no use of muscles.
The life expectancy of a dog with DM is typically 6 months to 3 years after diagnosis, depending on the disease's progression and the care provided.
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The Role of Diet in Managing Degenerative Myelopathy
Diet plays a pivotal role in managing degenerative myelopathy. A balanced nutritional protocol can support the body, control inflammation, and regulate the immune system. Experts like Steve Marsden, DVM ND and Roger Clemmons, DVM, PhD, DACVIM Diplomate, advocate for fresh, whole-food diets to slow the progression of DM.
Key Dietary Principles
- High-Quality Protein: Prioritize a diet rich in high biological value protein (meat!). This can’t be accomplished with a processed kibble diet, so a whole food diet is strongly suggested. Options include commercial raw or cooked diets, a premix with your own raw or cooked meat, or a home-prepared diet.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Supplement with 500 mg of omega 3’s (not total oil content) per 25 lbs from a high-quality chia seed oil or fish oil supplement with meals. Omega-3 fatty acids provide anti-inflammatory benefits and support neurological health. They are essential to immune health. Good sources include oily fish like mackerel, herring, or sardines.
- Antioxidants: Incorporate antioxidant-rich foods like blueberries, spinach, and turmeric to neutralize free radicals and protect nerve cells from further damage. Food sources of nutrients are better absorbed than synthetic supplements.
- Avoid Processed Foods: Processed and starchy foods like kibble can aggravate degenerative disease symptoms. A fresh, whole food, raw meat-based diet is recommended for maximum digestibility and health.
Sample Diet Recommendations
Dr. Clemmons used a model diet that was prescribed for patients with Multiple Sclerosis. It’s a stricter diet than what Dr. Marsden prescribes, but it consists of clean non-processed food.
A basic recipe (1 serving for 30-50 pounds body weight) provides approximately 1160-1460 calories per serving. You can substitute poultry meats, beef, and lamb for the pork chop. Most of the items can be prepared in a microwave. Based upon your dogs body weight, you will need to make more or less. For example, if your dog weighs 80 pounds, multiply all the ingredients by 1.5 (can be as high as 2.5 times, though), keeping their relative proportions. This is a starting point.
Supplements for Dogs with Degenerative Myelopathy
In addition to a nutritious diet, certain supplements can further support dogs with degenerative myelopathy.
Core Supplements
A research-based protocol developed by a certified Master Herbalist working alongside a certified Canine Nutritionist includes:
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- Myelin Sheath Glandular: Supports nerve tissue. Myelin sheath is composed largely of fat. By supplying a good source of omega 3 fatty acids you are not only supporting nerve tissue but also helping to reduce inflammation in your animal’s body which can help reduce tissue damage caused by an autoimmune condition.
- Nerve Tonic: Supports nerve function.
- Immune Balance: Helps to balance the immune system that can be beneficial in the case of autoimmune conditions like DM.
- Daily Multi Plus: Provides essential vitamins and minerals.
Additional Recommended Supplements
- Digestive Enzymes and Probiotics: Provide the enzymes and probiotics necessary for proper digestion and immune system health. Provide 1/2 teaspoon in each meal per 30 lbs. Mix with water so it is not dry. Serving size does not have to be exact.
- F3+ Forte: Feeds cells on a cellular level providing thousands of natural nutrients directly into cells without the need for digestion while helping cells to efficiently detoxify.
- GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid): Provide 240 mg GLA daily divided into morning and evening doses. Because of the anti-inflammatory properties of this fatty acid it can greatly benefit those animals with DM.
- Elk Antler: Contains growth factors that can help energize the body and repair damaged nerve tissue.
- Systemic Enzymes: Taken between meals, these enzymes enter the bloodstream to digest debris and moderate inflammation.
- Whey Protein: A highly bioavailable source of protein that can greatly benefit DM dogs.
- Colostrum: Contains anti-inflammatory peptides that help to balance the immune system and growth factors that can help to increase lean muscle and repair damaged tissue.
Additional Therapies
While diet and supplements are crucial, a holistic approach to managing DM includes other therapies:
- Acupuncture: Regular acupuncture sessions can stimulate the nervous system, support nerve function, reduce inflammation, and provide relief from muscle strain caused by compensatory movements.
- Exercise: Regular exercise is essential for maintaining muscle tone, balance, and mobility. Hydrotherapy, such as swimming or underwater treadmill sessions, provides low-impact conditioning. Walks and structured therapeutic exercise are also very important.
- Assistive Devices: As degenerative myelopathy progresses, assistive devices like wheeled carts can be invaluable for maintaining your dog’s mobility. Custom-fitted carts ensure proper posture and comfort, helping your dog stay active and engaged with their surroundings.
- Home Adjustments: Simple adjustments in your home can greatly enhance your dog’s quality of life. Supportive bedding, such as orthopedic dog beds, helps prevent pressure sores and provides relief for aching joints. Adding non-slip mats to flooring can prevent falls, while ramps make it easier for your dog to access furniture or navigate stairs.
Addressing the Root Cause
Autoimmune conditions like DM are often precipitated by an insult to the body, most commonly from a chemical or toxin. Flea and tick pesticide treatments and vaccinations are major factors. Consider speaking with your veterinarian about an exemption from future rabies vaccinations.
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