The Carnivore Diet and Neuropathy: Can an All-Meat Diet Help?

Neuropathy, a condition resulting from nerve damage, can manifest as pain, numbness, or weakness, primarily affecting the extremities. While various factors can trigger neuropathy, including injuries, infections, and metabolic disorders, dietary interventions are emerging as potential management strategies. The carnivore diet, an extremely restrictive regimen consisting solely of animal products, has garnered attention for its potential to alleviate neuropathy symptoms.

Understanding Neuropathy

Neuropathy arises from damage to the nerves, disrupting their ability to transmit signals effectively. This disruption can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

  • Tingling
  • Numbness
  • Pain (often described as burning or stabbing)
  • Weakness

These symptoms can affect various parts of the body, with the hands, feet, and legs being the most commonly affected.

Causes of Neuropathy

Several factors can contribute to the development of neuropathy:

  • High Blood Sugar (Hyperglycemia): Prolonged exposure to elevated glucose levels can be toxic to nerves, leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, and microvascular damage.
  • Diabetes: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes, resulting from chronic high blood sugar levels.
  • Injury: Trauma to nerves can directly cause neuropathy.
  • Infection: Viral or bacterial infections can sometimes lead to nerve damage.
  • Exposure to Toxins: Certain chemicals and toxins can damage nerves.
  • Nutritional Deficiencies: Lack of essential vitamins can impair nerve function.
  • Alcoholism: Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic neuropathy.
  • Medications and Chemotherapy: Some drugs can have neuropathy as a side effect.

The Carnivore Diet: An Overview

The carnivore diet is essentially an elimination diet that restricts food intake to animal products only. This includes:

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  • Meat (beef, pork, poultry, lamb, etc.)
  • Fish and Seafood
  • Eggs
  • Dairy products (some variations exclude or limit dairy)

All plant-based foods, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, are excluded.

Goals of the Carnivore Diet

Proponents of the carnivore diet suggest several potential benefits, including:

  • Reducing Inflammation: By eliminating plant-based foods, which can contain inflammatory compounds for some individuals, the diet aims to lower overall inflammation in the body.
  • Improving Insulin Sensitivity: The absence of carbohydrates can lead to lower blood sugar levels and improved insulin sensitivity.
  • Promoting Weight Loss: The high protein and fat content of the diet can contribute to satiety and potentially lead to weight loss.

The Carnivore Diet and Neuropathy: Potential Benefits

The potential benefits of a carnivore diet for neuropathy are linked to its effects on blood sugar control and inflammation.

Blood Sugar Control

High blood sugar is a known cause of neuropathy. A carnivore diet, being very low in carbohydrates, can effectively lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals with diabetic neuropathy. Studies have shown that low-carbohydrate diets can be more effective than low-fat diets in reducing blood sugar levels.

Inflammation Reduction

Inflammation can contribute to nerve damage and exacerbate neuropathy symptoms. By eliminating plant-based foods, the carnivore diet may help reduce inflammation in the body.

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Josh's Success Story

Josh, a 32-year-old, was able to reverse obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and peripheral neuropathy on a carnivore diet. He was diagnosed with diabetic neuropathy, which was the source of his chronic foot pain. He quit drinking, adopted a meat-heavy ketogenic diet, started intermittent fasting, and began a moderate exercise regime consisting of walking short distances many times per day. Within a few days, the pain from his neuropathy had all but disappeared, along with his chronic fatigue and irritability. In the past three months on the carnivore diet, Josh has lost an additional 15 pounds (approaching a total loss of 70 pounds), and reports that 99% of his foot pain has been alleviated.

Scientific Evidence and Research

While anecdotal evidence and testimonials suggest potential benefits of the carnivore diet for neuropathy, scientific research is limited.

Studies on Ketogenic Diets and Nerve Regeneration

Dietary interventions such as intermittent fasting and the ketogenic diet have demonstrated neuroprotective effects in various models of neurological insult. However, there has been a lack of evaluation of these interventions from a surgical perspective despite their potential to augment reparative processes that occur following nerve injury. Thus, we sought to analyze the effects of these dietary regimens on nerve regeneration and repair by critical appraisal of the literature. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed to identify studies published between 1950 and 2020 that examined the impact of either the ketogenic diet or intermittent fasting on traumatic injuries to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Study characteristics and outcomes were analyzed for each included article. A total of 1,890 articles were reviewed, of which 11 studies met inclusion criteria. Each of these articles was then assessed based on a variety of qualitative parameters, including type of injury, diet composition, timing, duration, and outcome. In total, seven articles examined the ketogenic diet, while four examined intermittent fasting. Only three studies examined peripheral nerves. Neuroprotective effects manifested as either improved histological or functional benefits in most of the included studies.

Ketogenic Diet and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Three studies examined the impact of KD on peripheral nerve regeneration. In the first study, Li et al. evaluated the effects of KD with and without concurrent electrical stimulation on neuromuscular recovery in rats. Four hours after sciatic nerve crush, rats were assigned to either a regular carbohydrate-based diet or KD characterized by a 3:1 ratio of fat to carbohydrates and protein. Electrical nerve stimulation (2Hz, 1mA) was also performed on some rats within both dietary groups, causing contraction in two muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve (gluteus maximus, biceps femoris) for 15 minutes every other day. These interventions were performed for a total of 8 weeks following nerve injury. In turn, the researchers found that the biceps femoris produced a more robust electromyography (EMG) signal in rats receiving KD alone relative to controls and an even greater signal when KD was combined with electric stimulation relative to KD alone. However, the gluteus maximus produced a stronger EMG signal in solely the KD with electrical stimulation group relative to controls and KD alone. On histology, rats fed KD alone had increased mean myelin thickness and axon/fiber diameter compared to those of controls. These findings were significantly greater in rats receiving the ketogenic diet and electrical stimulation. Finally, Li et al.

In the second study, Liskiewicz et al. also investigated the impact of KD on sciatic nerve regeneration in rats. The researchers subjected rats to sciatic nerve crush injury and subsequently assigned the animals to KD (79% fat, 9.5% protein, 0.8% carbohydrates) or a standard high-carbohydrate diet. A third arm was also included in which rats were preconditioned with KD for 3 weeks prior to nerve crush. Rats in all three groups were then maintained on their respective diets for 6 weeks following injury. After this time period, the researchers found that regenerating nerves in the preconditioned KD group were most similar to those of uninjured rats based on a variety of histomorphometrical parameters, including myelin thickness, fiber density, and fiber diameter.

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In the third study, Mayr et al. examined effects of KD on sensorimotor recovery from complete transection of the common peroneal and tibial nerves. Mice were fed either a standard or ketogenic diet (8.6% protein, 75.1% fat, and 3.2% carbohydrates) beginning 7 days before nerve transection and continued up to 28 days following the injury. Ketone levels were significantly elevated in the serum of mice fed KD relative to those fed standard diet on the day of spared nerve injury (SNI). The researchers subsequently reported no significant differences at 28 days following SNI between the two dietary groups on a variety of motor function tests, including total distance walked over thirty minutes during open field testing and hindlimb function during ladder rung testing in which mice were subjected to walking across a horizontal ladder.

Studies on Ketogenic Diets and Spinal Cord Injuries

Nine articles examined the impact of either KD or every-other-day fasting (EODF), a common variant of intermittent fasting, on recovery following surgically induced spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Three of the nine studies showed no benefit from either dietary intervention.

In the first of the non-supportive studies, Streijger et al. (2014) subjected rats to C5 SCI before assigning them to either a standard carbohydrate diet or KD consisting of a 3:1 ratio of fat to carbohydrates plus protein beginning four hours after cervical injury for a total of 1 week. Rats in the KD group were also administered other agents, including ghrelin, ibuprofen, and C16 (an anti-apoptotic agent), previously reported to confer benefits for spinal cord recovery. These compounds were given between hours to days after the injury, for varying time periods, and through a variety of routes (e.g. oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal). In turn, the researchers reported significant functional improvement on the Montoya staircase test, a validated behavioral test of forelimb function in rats, in the combinatorial group relative to controls at 10 weeks post-injury. However, no significant differences were reported between combinatorial and control groups on other measures of functional recovery, including the rearing test, grooming test, or horizontal ladder test. Similarly, histological analysis revealed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of white or gray matter sparing at any spinal cord level.

The second non-supportive study was conducted by a similar group of investigators led by Streijger et al. (2011). Following surgically induced thoracic SCI (T10-T11 contusion), C57BL/6 transgenic mice were assigned to receive a standard diet (28.5% calories from protein, 13.5% from fat, and 58.0% from carbohydrates) either ad libitum (AD) or every other day with the first 24 hours of food deprivation beginning immediately after injury. The mice were maintained on these diet regimens for 14 weeks thereafter, during which time the researchers observed no significant differences between the groups in terms of hindlimb motor function recovery or gray/white matter sparing.

In the final non-supportive study, Mayr et al. studied effects of KD on sensorimotor recovery from surgically induced thoracic hemisection over the T10-T11 vertebrae. Mice were fed either a standard or ketogenic diet beginning 7 days before SCI and continued up to 28 days following the injury. The KD was composed of 8.6% protein, 75.1% fat, and 3.2% carbohydrates, and blood ketone concentrations were confirmed to be significantly elevated in KD mice prior to SCI. In turn, the researchers reported no significant differences at 28 days following SCI between the two dietary groups on a variety of motor function tests, including total distance walked over thirty minutes during open field testing and hindlimb function during ladder rung testing in which mice were subjected to walking across a horizontal ladder.

In contrast, the remaining six studies of the central nervous system were decisively supportive. Using rats subjected to C5 hemicontusion injury, Streijger et al. (2013) investigated the effects of KD characterized by 3:1 ratio of fat-to-carbohydrate plus protein initiated four hours post-injury. Relative to rats fed a standard carbohydrate-based diet, KD rats displayed reduced lesion size and sparing of gray matter on histology that correlated improved forelimb use and behavioral recovery after 14 weeks of KD. Moreover, serum ketones were confirmed to be significantly elevated in the KD group relative to standard diet beginning one day after injury. KD also significantly increased expression of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) and monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) on histological analysis of the lesioned spinal cord.

Tan et al. led another study investigating whether ketogenic diet supplemented with exogenous ketones could improve histological and functional outcomes in Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to C5 spinal cord hemi-contusion injury. The experimental group was specifically fed a ketogenic diet comprised of a 3:1 ratio of fats to carbohydrates plus protein beginning 3 hours post-injury. The rats were also given ketogenic salt gavages containing 1000–1500 mg β-hydroxybutyrate every 12 hours for four days post-injury. Blood ketones were found to be significantly elevated in rats the ketogenic diet with ketone supplementation (KS) relative to control rats fed a standard diet by one day after the C5 hemi-contusion. Interestingly, oral ketone salt supplementation with KD did not appear to significantly elevate blood ketone levels higher than KD alone at this time point. The authors ultimately found that KD with KS improved forelimb motor recovery as measured by performance on the Montoya staircase.

Risks and Considerations

While the carnivore diet may offer potential benefits for neuropathy, it is essential to be aware of the risks and considerations associated with such a restrictive diet:

  • Nutrient Deficiencies: Eliminating plant-based foods can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
  • Kidney Problems: A high protein intake can strain the kidneys, particularly in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions.
  • Digestive Issues: The lack of fiber can lead to constipation and other digestive problems.
  • Elevated Cholesterol Levels: A high intake of saturated fat from animal products may raise cholesterol levels in some individuals.
  • Not Suitable for Everyone: The carnivore diet may not be appropriate for individuals with certain medical conditions, such as kidney disease, gout, or a history of eating disorders.

Alternative and Complementary Therapies

While a carnivore diet can be effective in managing neuropathy symptoms, some individuals may require additional treatment.

Stem Cell Therapy

Stem cells have the ability to regenerate damaged tissue, including nerve tissue. This therapy has shown promise in treating neuropathy and may be an effective option for those who do not see sufficient improvement with a carnivore diet alone. Stem cell therapy involves injecting stem cells into the affected area, where they can promote tissue regeneration and decrease inflammation.

According to a study published in the Journal of Diabetes Research, stem cell therapy improved nerve function and reduced neuropathy pain in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Other Important Nutrients

If you have a nerve disorder, a diet rich in certain nutrients can help. The food you eat can improve your nervous system’s functioning. Aim for 5-10 servings of colorful fruits and/or vegetables daily (phytonutrients). Low‐level, chronic inflammation lies so far below the skin’s surface that you can’t see it or feel it. It’s the result of an immune system in overdrive, damaging healthy tissue and leading to chronic illnesses.

Elevated blood sugar levels contribute to many chronic health conditions, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Contributing factors to PN include vitamin deficiencies, traumautic injuries, diabetes, alcoholism, and others. Treatment may include managing underlying causes, physical therapy, medications and dietary changes.

Gluten: If you have a gluten allergy, celiac disease, consuming gluten can trigger and worsen your symptoms. Common sources include all food containing white, wheat, cake or baking flour. Refined grains are highly glycemic meaning they have a dramatic impact on your blood sugar. Being able to control your blood sugar is the number one strategy to prevent neuropathy associated with diabetes. Added sugars add flavor but few nutrients. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to neuropathy symptoms. Saturated fat, prevalent in fatty meats and dairy products, can cause inflammation and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes.

Consulting a Healthcare Professional

Before starting a carnivore diet or any other restrictive diet, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional, such as a doctor or registered dietitian. They can assess your individual needs, medical history, and potential risks and benefits. They can also monitor your nutrient levels and overall health while on the diet.

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